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The Language & Literacies Education program is designed for flexibility. Choose courses that best meet your needs. The program details are as follows:

• The LLE Ph.D. degree normally requires seven completed courses (depending on previous experience and academic qualifications), a completed Comprehensives exam and a Doctoral thesis.
• Students are required to successfully complete CTL3001H – Research Colloquium in Language & Literacies Education as well as CTL3899H Proseminar in Language &​​​​​​​ Literacies Education, if not previously taken at the Masters level, and a course in research methods from the LLE approved research methods course list. 
• At least four of the courses must be Language & Literacies Education courses. LLE courses are identified with CTL3000-level course codes (i.e CTL3000H to CTL3999H) and Special Topics courses in LLE are identified as CTL5300H to CTL5699H (Masters Level) and CTL6300H to CTL6999H (Doctoral Level). The remaining courses are electives.
• Non-LLE courses (if you choose to take them) can include Masters or Doctoral level courses from the Curriculum & Pedagogy program or courses from any other 91±¬ÁÏ departments: Social Justice Education, Applied Psychology & Human Development, and Leadership, Higher, and Adult Education. 

Note: For the flexible-time PhD program option, a minimum residency of four years of full-time registration is required at the beginning of the program. Candidates may apply for part-time status after this four year-residency.

The LLE PhD Program offers a wide variety of courses. Our classes typically consist of 15 to 25 students. 

The PhD program can be taken on a full-time or flex-time basis. Full-time PhD students must complete their degree within six years. Flexible-time PhD students must complete their degree within eight years. Degree requirements for both programs are the same. Doctoral students usually take two or three courses per term. A typical course involves 12 classes. During the fall and winter terms, a class will meet once each week for twelve weeks. During the spring and summer terms, a class meets twice a week for six weeks. Classes are scheduled for the early evening (e.g., 5pm to 8pm) or the early afternoon (e.g., 1pm to 4pm), Monday through Thursday. We also offer a selection of online courses. Enrolment in all courses are on a first-come, first-served basis. 

• Comprehensive exam guidelines for LLE students
• 91±¬ÁÏ's oral examination guidelines
• Annual review form
• The Qualitative Dissertation Proposal (Article by Professor Emeritus Brent Kilbourn)

Thesis-track students routinely meet with their supervisor and thesis committee to discuss their progress in the program. Once a year, this progress is documented in an annual review meeting. 

At this meeting, students report on their progress, and their committee provides guidance, advice, and recommendations. The committee also determines whether the student's progress is satisfactory or requiring additional support. 

Students are required to bring an annual review form, with pages 1-2 completed, to the annual review meeting. Supervisors will complete relevant sections of the form, documenting what was discussed at the meeting, and evaluating progress.  

Both the student and the thesis supervisor must sign the form. The signed form must be submitted to the graduate studies program administrator.

Interested in interdisciplinary study?

UofT offers collaborative specializations which involve the cooperation of two or more graduate units (i.e. departments, programs, or centres). Students admitted to LLE have the opportunity to discover the research possibilities available with the following collaborative programs: 

Full-time doctoral students (but not Flex-time doctoral students) receive a graduate funding package equal to the cost of academic tuition and fees, plus support as a Graduate Assistant or Teaching Assistant, in each of the first four years of their program. Some limited funding may also be available in year 5. The average time to completion is 5.70 years. 

There are admission awards available for International applicants who are applying to doctoral programs. Visit the  and the 91±¬ÁÏ internal awards for those currently enrolled. 

International applicants are students who are neither a Canadian citizen nor a permanent resident of Canada.  Admission to the PhD full-time funded program is highly competitive. We recommend that applicants make contact with a faculty member whose research interests coincide with their own, before applying to the program. For more on international student admissions please review International Applicants on the 91±¬ÁÏ Registrar's office website.

At this time, the Department of Curriculum, Teaching & Learning admits one (1) funded international applicant to its full-time Ph.D. programs each year - alternate years for the Language & Literacies Education (LLE) program and the Curriculum & Pedagogy (C&P) program. In doing so, C&P will admit one international student in odd years (i.e. 2021, 2023, etc.) and LLE will admit one international Ph.D. student in even years (i.e. 2022, 2024, etc.).

In any given year, the Department may also consider applications to either program from international applicants where home governments, international organizations or funding agencies can provide them with funding. The funding must minimally have the value and duration of the graduate funding package that is offered and should be indicated on the application. Please review the Graduate Funding Package website. 

The following is the result of a question and answer (Q&A) discussion which took place following a LLE Open House presentation.

Can I switch from the full-time option to the flexible-time option for this program?
No, students may not transfer from the full-time to the flexible-time PhD or vice versa.

How do students find a thesis supervisor?
At the point of admission successful applicants to the LLE PhD are assigned a Faculty Advisor whom you can speak with if you have questions regarding program requirements, course selection etc.  Your Faculty Advisor will often become your Thesis Supervisor, however if you find that your academic interests necessitate that you work with a different faculty member as thesis supervisor, your faculty advisor will help you to find an appropriate faculty member to take on that role.

If unable to provide an academic reference, would two professional ones work instead? 
While a minimum of two letters of reference – one academic and one professional – should be included in your application, sometimes applicants experience difficulty obtaining a letter of reference. For example, if you graduated many years ago and have since not been active in an academic setting you may be unable to call upon a university instructor with whom you studied. You're strongly encouraged to obtain one academic and one professional letter of reference, but you may submit an alternative combination such as two reference letters from a professional source. Tip: for two professional letters direct the most suitable referee to include comments pertaining to your intellectual abilities and potential. 

What is an Academic Writing Sample?
A typical sample is about 5,000 words (for example, an excerpt from a master's thesis). Acceptable formats are MA Word (.docx) and PDF (.pdf) files.

Criteria for the writing sample:

• It must be single-authored
• It must demonstrate quality writing - i.e., logical, clear and well-written
• It must be academically rigorous
• It must be a theoretical or empirical study
• It must demonstrate the ability to analyze and synthesize concepts, ideads and/or data
• It must contact a solid bibliography

The following samples are acceptable:

• Master's thesis
• Major paper
• Refereed article
• Refereed conference paper
• Conference proceedings publication
• Book chapter
• Research paper

What are collaborative specializations?
Collaborative Specialization programs are created by participating graduate units to explore a novel interdisciplinary area or special development that crosses a number of disciplines.  If you are admitted into a graduate program that participates in a collaborative specialization; many of which are actually University of Toronto wide specializations to which CTL is very closely connected; you can apply to a collaborative specialization, but you need to apply to them directly.  If you review our website, and websites of affiliated collaborative specializations, you’ll see LLE participates in a number of collaborative specializations. 

I have a question about language proficiency.  I’ve been working as an occasional teacher for four years here, but finished education outside of Canada.  Do I still need to prove language proficiency?
As English is the primary language of instruction and communication at the University of Toronto, applicants must demonstrate an adequate level of proficiency in English, regardless of their citizenship status or country of origin. It is important that these students follow School of Graduate Studies (SGS) policies on English Language Proficiency (ELP) testing requirements and take one of the required tests for admission to a graduate program.  Applicants from universities outside Canada where English is not the primary language of instruction must provide results of an English language proficiency examination as part of their application. Tests must have been taken within the last 24 months at the time of submission of their application.

The determination of whether an English language proficiency test is required is determined by the admissions division of the 91±¬ÁÏ Registrar's Office & Student Experience (ROSE), but only after the application has been submitted. Visit the for more information.

What happens after I submit my applications?
Once you've completed your application, understand what happens next by visiting After Submitting Your Application. 

I was offered admission, what are my next steps?
Applicants who receive an official "Offer of Admission" result letter can view the Newly Admitted Students webpage for information on next steps.